Following are the movements produced by plants.

It’s a movement in which entire plant body moves from one place to another in response to directional stimuli. It takes place in unicellular plants like chlamydomonas and euglena. It also takes place in gametes of mosses and ferns.

It is growth movement of part of plant body in response to the directional stimuli.

Growth movement of parts of plant body in response to the gravity.

• Movement of root is positively geotropic.
• Movement of stem is negatively geotropic.

Growth movement of part of plant body in response to the light stimuli.

• Movement of stem is positively phototropic.
• Movement of root is negatively phototropic.

It is the movement of part of plant body in response to the diffuse stimuli.

For example,

1. Leaf of touch-me-not wilt up when touched.
2. Leaves of trifolium shows nastic movement.
3. Crocus flower shows nastic movement.

Euglena has single flagellum for locomotion. It moves in zig-zag manner. This type of movement is called euglenoid movement.

Volvon is common fresh water free floating algae. It appears like a minute floating bulls of pin head size. It exist in colony which is motile. The movement is brought up by flagella of the all cells of colony.

Skeleton perform following important functions.

In land dwelling vertebrates a rigid skeletal support rises the body from the ground and allows rapid movement.

Skeleton provides protection to the delicate organs of the body.

Many bones of skeleton act as levers. When muscle pull-on these levers they produce movement.

Skeleton provides site of attachment for muscles.

Skeleton which is found outside the body. The muscles are attached in the inner side of the skeleton. Many animals of phylum arthropoda, mollusca and echinodermata posses exoskeleton.

This skeleton is covered by the muscles. It is composed of bones and cartilages. E.g., vertebrates posses endo or internal skeleton.

In land vertebrates there are various methods of locomotion. Most of them move on their legs.

• Frogs and lizards legs are attached horizontally to the sides of the body. That is why they can lift their legs high from the ground.
• Mammals and birds have their legs attached underneath so they are able to lift their body from the ground.
• In flying birds for limbs are modified into wings.
• Most of the mammals are quadripedal. Only few like mean are bipedal.

The point of approximation of two or more bones is called joint.

No movements takes place at these joints. E.g., joints of skull.

Joints which allow movements are movable joints. E.g., hip joint, shoulder joint.

Muscles are bundles of myofibers enclosed in sheaths of connective tissues. Following are the types of muscles.

1. Skeletal muscles
2. Smooth muscles
3. Cardiac muscles

These muscles are attached with the bones. They are under the control of our will that is why they are called voluntary muscles.

These muscles are found in blood vessels and digestive tract. They are involuntary muscles because their contraction is not under the control of our will.

These muscles are found in heart. They are self excitable and involuntary muscles.

Muscles are attached to the bones by fibrous material called tendon.

End of muscle where no movement takes place is called origin.

End of muscle where movement takes place is called insertion.

Pair of muscle in which both muscles produce movement opposite to each other.

Bones are displaced from their position because of indirect violence or sever jerks to the joints. Symptoms of joint dislocation are swelling, severe pain.

Complex disorder produced due to disorder of metabolism and inflamation of structures. It is common disorder of joints in old people.

Bones are fractured or broken as a result of violence or severe jerks to bones. Fracture bones can be jointed by modern techniques of orthopedic surgery.

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